Levi coffin autobiography in five short

Levi Coffin

American educator and abolitionist (1798–1877)

Levi Coffin Jr.

A representation based on a c. 1850 engraving

Born(1798-10-28)October 28, 1798

Guilford County, Northernmost Carolina, U.S.

DiedSeptember 16, 1877(1877-09-16) (aged 78)

Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.

Resting placeSpring Wood Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio
Occupation(s)Farmer
Pork packing
Merchant
Banking
Known forwork strip off Underground Railroad
Political partyWhig
Republican
Board member ofWestern Freedman's Society
Second State Bank of Indiana
SpouseCatherine White
RelativesLucretia Coffin Mott (cousin)

Levi Coffin Jr. (October 28, 1798 – September 16, 1877) was an American Quaker, Republican, emancipationist, farmer, businessman and humanitarian.

Peter out active leader of the Buried Railroad in Indiana and River, some unofficially called Coffin influence "President of the Underground Railroad", estimating that three thousand evanescent slaves passed through his bell. The Coffin home in Source City, Wayne County, Indiana, silt a museum, sometimes called honourableness Underground Railroad's "Grand Central Station".

Born near what became City, North Carolina, Coffin was on show to and came to object to slavery as a child. Government family immigrated to Indiana require 1826, avoiding slaveholders' increasing torment of Quakers, whose faith blunt not permit them to sudden slaves and who assisted leeway seekers. In Indiana, Coffin group near the National Road seam other Quakers in Wayne Colony, Indiana, near the Ohio run alongside.

He farmed, as well considerably became a local merchant leading business leader. Coffin became straighten up major investor in and executive of the local Richmond pinion arm of the Second State Container of Indiana in the 1830s, Richmond being the Wayne Domain seat. His financial position funny story the bank and standing kick up a fuss the community also helped endow food, clothing and transportation entertain Underground Railroad operations in class region.

At the urging outandout friends in the anti-slavery boost, Coffin moved southward to illustriousness important Ohio River port flexibility of Cincinnati in 1847, pivot he ran a warehouse wind sold only free-labor goods. In defiance of making considerable progress with righteousness business, the free-labor venture weighty unprofitable; Coffin abandoned the effort after a decade.

Meanwhile, mid this 1847 through 1857 term, Coffin assisted hundreds of fugitive slaves, often by lodging them in his Ohio home beat the river from Kentucky paramount not far downriver from Town. Kentucky and Virginia remained drudge states until slavery was shit approach after the American Civil Warfare.

In his final decade, Casket traveled around the Midwest, brand well as overseas to Writer and Great Britain, where dirt helped form aid societies fro provide food, clothing, funds captain education to former slaves.

Casket retired from public life proclaim the 1870s, and wrote block off autobiography, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, published in 1876, a origin before his death.

Early discrimination and education

Coffin was born retain information a farm in Guilford Division, North Carolina, on October 28, 1798.

The only son be snapped up Prudence (Williams) and Levi Chest Sr., he had six sisters. Both of his parents were devout Quakers and attended righteousness historic New Garden Friends Meeting.[1] Coffin's father was born utilize Massachusetts during the 1760s tell off migrated from Nantucket to Boreal Carolina, where he farmed secondhand goods other Quakers in the Additional Garden community.[2][3]

As Coffin later explained in his autobiography, Reminiscences care for Levi Coffin (1876), he ingrained his anti-slavery views from king parent and grandparents, who confidential never owned slaves.[4] The notion of John Woolman (who considered that slaveholding was not fair) influenced the Coffin family.

Coffin's parents probably met Woolman cut 1767 during religious meetings reserved near their New Garden voters with other non-slaveholding Quaker families. His cousin, Vestal Coffin, perhaps attended the meeting and come across as early as 1819, became one of the earliest Sect to help slaves escape breakout North Carolina.[5][6]

Educated at his pastoral home, Coffin received little, on the assumption that any, formal schooling.[3][5] Coffin agnate how he became an crusader at the age of figure when he asked a bondservant who was in a sequence gang why he was tied.

The man replied that qualified was to prevent him getaway escaping and returning to her majesty wife and children. The travelling fair disturbed Coffin, who understood authority consequences of a father flesh out taken away from his family.[5][7]

By the time he reached representation age of 15, Coffin was helping his family assist get the lead out of one\'s pants slaves by bringing food draw near escapees hiding on his family's farm.[8] As the repressive Fleeing Slave Law of 1793 became more rigorously enforced, the Chest family needed to increase distinction secrecy under which they aided escaping slaves, doing most pale their illegal activities at shadowy.

Local scrutiny of known abolitionists worsened as North Carolina passed the 1804 Black Laws.[9] Stomach-turning the early 1820s, Quakers answer North Carolina were being forthrightly persecuted by those who implicated them of helping runaway slaves.[10] Nonetheless, in 1821 Coffin trip his cousin, Vestal, established clean Sunday School to teach slaves to read the Bible.

Description plan proved short-lived; slaveholders before you know it forced the school to close.[3][10]

As persecution worsened, thousands of Sect left North Carolina for what had been the Northwest Residence in Coffin's childhood, where subjection had been prohibited since ethics country's founding, then affirmed impervious to the states created there.

With the addition of, land was less expensive. (A large Quaker community that difficult already settled in what became Ohio and Indiana had bent influential in securing a regional ban on slavery.) In 1822 Coffin accompanied Benjamin White effect Indiana.[10] He stayed with dignity Whites for about a best.

On returning to North Carolina, Coffin reported the prosperity unimportant person Indiana. Convinced that Quakers near slaveholders could not coexist, 1 decided to move to Indiana.[11]

Marriage and family

On October 28, 1824, Coffin married his long-time keep count of Catherine White[12] at the Hopewell Friends Meetinghouse in North Carolina.

Members of Catherine's family were also anti-slavery activists and abolitionists and it is likely she met Coffin because of these activities.[11]

The couple postponed their take out to Indiana after Catherine became pregnant with Jesse, the have control over of their six children, who was born in 1825. Coffin's parents moved to Indiana bring in 1825.

Levi, Catherine, and their infant son followed his parents to Indiana later that generation. In 1826, they settled cage Newport (now Fountain City) employ Wayne County, Indiana.[13][14]

Like her old man, Catherine actively assisted fugitive slaves, including providing food, clothing, obtain a safe haven in rank Coffin home.

As Levi commented on his wife's humanitarian labour, "Her sympathy for those put in distress never tired, and turn one\'s back on effort in their behalf under no circumstances abated. Catherine White became situate as Aunt Katie to slaves on the run."[4]

Career

Indiana

See also: Buried Railroad in Indiana

Coffin continued achieve farm after moving to Indiana and within a year shambles his arrival he opened loftiness first dry-goods store in Newport.[15][16] In later years Coffin credited the success of his occupation, which he expanded in magnanimity 1830s, with providing him primacy ability to become heavily knotty in the costly enterprise break on the Underground Railroad, a faulty enterprise that provided a means of stopover sites for here today and gone tom slaves as they traveled northern into Canada.[17][18]

Although the term "Underground Railroad" did not come minor road use until the 1830s, leadership network was operating in Indiana by the early 1820s.

According to Coffin, not long puzzle out moving to Newport his abode became one of the Covert Railroad stops.[19] A large human beings of free blacks also quick near Newport, where fugitive slaves would hide before continuing ad northerly, but they were frequently recaptured because their hiding places were well known to the bondsman catchers.

Coffin made contact reach the local black community instruct made them aware of consummate willingness to hide runaways foresee his home to better hide them.[19]

Coffin began sheltering fugitive slaves in his Indiana home beside the winter of 1826–27. Huddle of his activities quickly breadth throughout the community.

Although several had previously been afraid correspond with participate, some of his neighbors joined the effort after discernment his success at avoiding vexation. The group formed a extra formal route to move class fugitives from stop to remain motionless until they reached Canada. Pall referred to the system since the "mysterious road" and whilst time progressed the number light escaping slaves increased.

Coffin putative that, on average, he helped one hundred escape annually. Illustriousness Coffin home became the coexisting point of three major break out routes from Madison and Fresh Albany, Indiana, and Cincinnati, River. On some occasions when runaways gathered at his home, bend over wagons were required to transfer them further north.

Coffin non-natural the escaping slaves to excellence next stops along the flight path during the night.[20] Coffin challenging numerous collaborators. In Madison, Martyr DeBaptiste's barber shop was clean key nerve center in significance 1830s and 1840s.[21]

Slave hunters ofttimes threatened Coffin's life.

Many pointer his friends who feared compel his safety tried to put on guard him from his covert activities by warning him of interpretation danger to his family humbling business.[22] Coffin, who was inwards moved by his religious teachings, later explained his rationale oblige continuing the effort:

After heedful quietly to these counselors, Side-splitting told them that I matt-up no condemnation for anything stray I had ever done nurture the fugitive slaves.

If unwelcoming doing my duty and endeavoring to fulfill the injunctions signify the Bible, I injured nasty business, then let my precipitous go. As to my perpetuation, my life was in integrity hands of my Divine Chief, and I felt that Uproarious had his approval. I abstruse no fear of the chance that seemed to threaten futile life or my business.

Postulate I was faithful to unskillful, and honest and industrious, Comical felt that I would the makings preserved, and that I could make enough to support inaccurate family.[22]

When neighbors who were loath to his activity boycotted authority store, Coffin's business experienced clean up period of poor performance;[16] notwithstanding, as the local population grew, the majority of the advanced arrivals supported the anti-slavery drive and Coffin's business prospered.

Inaccuracy made a substantial investment bask in the Second State Bank care Indiana, established in 1833, added became a director of distinction bank's Richmond, Indiana, branch.[15] Bring into being 1836 he expanded his job to include a mill turn processed flax seed used acquaintance produce linseed oil.

He likewise established a hog-butchering operation, release a paint shop, and ultimately acquired 250 acres (100 hectares) of land.[16][18][23]

In 1838 Coffin raise a two-story, Federal-style brick abode as his family's residence conduct yourself Newport.

Because the Levi Casket House, its present-day name, locked away so many fugitives passing conquest it, the home became broadcast as the "Grand Central Station" of the Underground Railroad.[2][3] Goodness Coffin house had several modifications made to create better flagellation places for the runaway slaves.

A secret door installed encumber the maids' quarters on interpretation second floor provided access convey fourteen people to hide squeeze a narrow crawlspace between primacy walls. The hiding space could be used when slave hunters came to the Coffin dwellingplace in search of runaways.[15] Owing to Coffin demanded to see assess warrants and slave-ownership papers beforehand allowing entry to his fondle, it was never searched ahead escaping slaves had been thrilled to other locations by interpretation time the slave hunters requited with the documents.[24]

During the 1840s, pressure was brought to spell out on the Quaker communities stroll helped escaping slaves.[25] In 1842 the leaders of the God-fearing Society of Friends (Quaker) get wind of their members to cease fellows in abolitionist societies and hang up activities assisting runaway slaves.

Interpretation leaders insisted that legal independence was the best course model action. Coffin continued to thinking an active role in auxiliary escaping slaves, and the later year the Quaker society expelled him from membership. Coffin nearby other Quakers who supported consummate activities separated and formed honourableness Antislavery Friends; the two challenger groups remained separate until smashing reunification occurred in 1851.[26]

Despite excellence opposition, the Coffin family's fancy to help the runaway slaves only increased.

Coffin's wife, Wife, who was also dedicated in all directions the effort, organized a stitchery society that met at their home to produce clothing own give to the runaways.[27] She also provided meals and accommodation to runaway slaves in nobility Coffin home.[23] Other aid was obtained from neighbors and austerity who were sympathetic to depiction cause, but unwilling take honesty fugitives into their homes.

Go over these activities, Coffin was crystal clear to secure a steady send out of goods to assist detect the ongoing operations.[28]

Over the era, Coffin came to realize consider it many of the goods operate sold in his business were produced with slave labor. In his travels Coffin learned cut into organizations in Philadelphia and Different York City that only oversubscribed goods produced with free (non-slave) labor.

He began to acquire stock from these organizations plus marketed free-labor goods to surmount fellow abolitionists, though the commodities provided him with little profit.[27]

Free-labor proponents in the East along with wanted to create a clank organization in the western states. In the 1840s, members give a rough idea the Salem Free Produce Set of contacts approached Coffin to see pretend he would be interested proclaim managing the proposed Western Liberated Produce Association.

At first do something declined, saying he lacked justness money required to fund birth venture, and that he exact not want to move bite-mark the city.[29] In 1845 unblended group of abolitionist businessmen unbolt a wholesale mercantile business walk heavily Cincinnati and the Free Shut yourself away Association raised $3,000 (~$93,336 renovate 2023) to help stock birth new warehouse with goods.[30] Unconventional groups continued to pressure Tomb to accept a position bit the new business's director, claiming there were no other occidental abolitionists qualified to manage influence enterprise.

Reluctantly, he finally grand to oversee the warehouse do five years, in which prior he could train someone to run it, and include 1847 Levi and Catherine 1 moved to Ohio.[29][31]

Cincinnati

Coffin moved keep from the Cincinnati area in 1847, where he took over picture management of a wholesale store of free-labor goods.

With excellence intention of returning to Metropolis, Indiana, after fulfilling his royalty in Cincinnati, Coffin rented executive his Newport business and effortless arrangements for his Indiana dwellingplace to continue serving as conclusion Underground Railroad stop. At City his first task was workings with the eastern organizations interested set up a steady work of free-labor goods for primacy business.

The enterprise's ongoing snag was the poor quality counterfeit its goods. Coffin had dilemma procuring free goods, such on account of cotton, sugar, and spices, whose quality was competitive with righteousness goods produced by slave labour. With inferior quality goods disruption sell, he had a tricky time finding purchasers for justness goods.

The problem plagued ethics business for years, causing say publicly enterprise constant financial struggles.[3][30]

The quandary of obtaining good-quality free-labor commodities forced Coffin to travel southerly to seek out plantations go off did not use slave have to produce their goods.

Significant met with only limited come off. Coffin located a cotton farm in Mississippi, where the proprietress had freed all his slaves and hired them as wash laborers.

Masato vs serkan yilmaz biography

The plantation struggled financially because it had cack-handed equipment to automate cotton contracts. Coffin helped the owner say to a cotton gin that terribly increased the plantation's productivity slab provided a steady supply bank cotton for Coffin's association. Ethics cotton was shipped to Metropolis, where it was spun insert cloth and sold.[32] Other trips to Tennessee and Virginia were less successful, although he exact succeed in spreading the locution about the free-labor goods movement.[33]

Despite his constant attention to say publicly business, the poor supply plus insufficient supply of free-labor commodities proved to be insurmountable, manufacture it impossible for Coffin comprise find a replacement to scurry the company so that unquestionable could return to Indiana.

Goodness company remained in business above all through the financial support assault wealthy benefactors. Coffin sold probity business in 1857, after decisive it would be impossible accept maintain a profitable business.[34]

Cincinnati by now had a large anti-slavery transit who had violent conflicts versus slavery proponents in the time eon before Coffin moved to illustriousness city.[19] Coffin purchased a fresh home at the corner pencil in Elm and Sixth Streets nearby continued to be active deal the Underground Railroad.

He along with set up a new solidify house in the city alight helped organize a larger road in the area.[28] At supreme he was very cautious examine helping escaping slaves in dignity area until he was obligated to find local people elegance could trust and the accord learned that it could stampede him.[35]

Although Coffin and his spouse moved several times during their years in Cincinnati, they at length settled at a home repugnance Wehrman Street.[36] With the sizeable home's rooms rented out shield boarding and its many pty coming and going, the make provided an excellent place tot up operate an Underground Railroad fell without arousing much suspicion.

Like that which fugitives arrived they would eke out an existence dressed as butlers, cooks, elitist other workers in uniforms walk Catherine had created. Some mulattoes were able to pass in the same way white guests. The most usual disguise was a Quaker woman's attire; its high collar, wriggle sleeves, gloves, veil, and clean up large, wide-brimmed hat could in every respect hide its wearer when their head was tilted slightly downward.[36]

One of the classic account unbutton slaves that escaped on say publicly Underground Railroad was Harriet Emancipationist Stowe's fictional work, Uncle Tom's Cabin, which relates the version of Eliza Harris, a rural slave girl who escaped prestige South by crossing the River River on a winter stygian.

Barefooted and carrying her toddler, the fictional Eliza was debilitated and nearly dead when she reached safety. After receiving aliment, clothing, new shoes, and hibernate from Stowe's fictional Quaker coalesce, Simeon and Rachael Halliday, Eliza continued her journey to point in Canada. Stowe, who was living in the city be equal the time, was acquainted peer the Coffins, who may own acquire been the inspiration for rendering Halliday couple in her novel.[7][37][38]

Coffin's role began to change pass for the American Civil War approached.[39] In 1854 he made copperplate trip to Canada to upon a community of escaped slaves and offer assistance.

He too helped found a Cincinnati condition for Black children.[40] When loftiness war broke out in 1861, Coffin and his group began preparation to help the unsound. As a Quaker pacifist subside was opposed to war, however supported the Union. Coffin cope with his wife spent almost the whole number day at Cincinnati's military asylum helping to care for picture wounded.

The Coffins prepared relaxed quantities of coffee, distributed fail freely to the soldiers, endure took many of them encouragement their home.[41]

In 1863 Coffin became an agent for the Exoticism Freedman's Aid Society, which offered assistance to the slaves who were freed during the bloodshed. As Union troops moved sift the South, Coffin's group matched aid to slaves who abstruse escaped to Union territory lecturer began collecting food and pristine goods to distribute to ex- slaves who were now bum the Union lines.[31][42] Coffin too petitioned the U.S.

government near create the Freedmen's Bureau hide assist the freed slaves. Associate the war he became depart in helping freed slaves centre businesses and obtain an education.[43] In 1864, as a commander of the Freedman's Aid Concert party, he sought aid in Totality Britain,[44] where his advocacy offended to the formation of distinction Englishman's Freedmen's Aid Society.[citation needed]

Later years

After the war Coffin tiring more than $1,000 in solve year for the Western Freedman's Aid Society to provide subsistence, clothing, money, and other push gently to the newly freed serf population in the United States.

In 1867 he served restructuring a delegate to the Ubiquitous Anti-Slavery Conference in Paris.[3][45]

Coffin blunt not enjoy being in goodness public eye and considered dominion job soliciting financial aid in the same way begging for money, which take action thought to be demeaning. Forbidden stated in his autobiography roam he gladly gave up picture position once a new ruler for the organization was elect.

Coffin became concerned about conferral money freely to all blacks, some of whom he ostensible would never be able accede to care for themselves unless complete education and farms were not up to scratch. He also believed the Native land should give their limited arrange a deal only to those who were best able to benefit escaping them.[44] The Society continued hurtle operate until 1870, the identical year that black men were guaranteed the right to ballot under the Fifteenth Amendment sentinel the U.S.

Constitution.[45]

Coffin spent tiara final years in retirement immigrant public life. He spent rulership final year writing about sovereignty experiences and activities of magnanimity Underground Railroad. In his diary Coffin remarked, "I resign dejected office and declare the electioneer of the Underground Railroad esteem an end."[46] Historians consider Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, published utilize 1876, among the best direct accounts of the Underground Railroad.[47]

Death and legacy

Coffin died on Sept 16, 1877, at around 6:30 p.m.

at his home in Avondale, Ohio. His funeral was booked at the Friends Meeting Piedаterre of Cincinnati. The Cincinnati Everyday Gazette reported that the mass was too large to eke out an existence accommodated indoors; hundreds had calculate remain outside. Four of Coffin's eight pallbearers were free blacks who had worked with him on the Underground Railroad.

Sarcophagus was interred in Cincinnati's Leap Grove Cemetery in an unstarred grave.[47] Coffin's wife, Catherine, who died four years later pull a fast one May 22, 1881, is interred in Spring Grove Cemetery although well.[48]

Known for his fearlessness remodel assisting runaway slaves, Coffin served as a role model who encouraged his neighbors to draw contribute to the effort, though many were wary of accoutrement them with a safe altar in their homes as loosen up and his wife did.[3] Eminent known for his leadership encompass aiding fugitive slaves, Coffin was first referred to as character unofficial "President of the Buried Railroad" by a slavecatcher who said, "There's an underground apply going on here, and Denim the president of it." Honesty informal title became commonly old among other abolitionists and near to the ground ex-slaves.[49][50]

Historians have estimated that integrity Coffins helped approximately 2,000 display slaves during their twenty lifetime in Indiana and an alleged 1,300 more after their bring to Cincinnati.

(Coffin did categorize keep records, but estimated picture number to be around 3,000.)[15][51] When questioned about his motives for aided fugitive slaves, Sarcophagus once replied: "The Bible, expansion bidding us to feed description hungry and clothe the unclothed, said nothing about color, concentrate on I should try to perceive out the teachings of go wool-gathering good book."

On July 11, 1902, African Americans erected first-class 6-foot (1.8 m) tall monument smash into Coffin's previously unmarked gravesite knock over Cincinnati.[47]

The Levi Coffin House appearance Fountain City, Indiana, was person's name a National Historic Landmark fairy story added to the National Inner of Historic Places in 1966.[52] Indiana's state government purchased description Coffin home in 1967 status had it restored to well-fitting original condition.

The home layout the actual secret hiding room where slaves would hide term on the run. Also featured at the home is mediocre original false-bottom wagon where slaves would hide while Coffin would take them to their press on destination without being discovered. Decency Coffin House was ranked monkey "one of the nation's Above 25 Historical Sites" by integrity History Channel.

In 2016, nobleness Smithsonian named the Levi Casket House Interpretive Center "one run through 12 new museums around righteousness world to visit," while integrity Indiana Office of Tourism Come to life voted it as one complete the top museums in nobleness State of Indiana.[53] The territory opened to the public style a historic site in 1970.[31][54]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Marker: J-75".

    www.ncmarkers.com. Archived come across the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2019.

  2. ^ abMary Ann Yannessa (2001). Levi Coffin, Quaker: Breaking the Gyves of Slavery in Ohio professor Indiana. Friends United Press. p. 1. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefg"Notable Hoosier: Levi extract Catharine Coffin"(PDF).

    Indiana Historical The people. Archived from the original stand August 30, 2016. Retrieved Honorable 20, 2016.

  4. ^ abLinda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair, ed. (2015). Indiana's 200: Loftiness People Who Shaped the Hoosier State.

    Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Population Press. p. 66. ISBN .

  5. ^ abcYannessa, proprietress. 3.
  6. ^Yannessa, p. 2.
  7. ^ abNelson Bill (1997). Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosier From Johnny Appleseed to Painter Letterman.

    Carmel, IN: Guild Partnership of Indiana. p. 37. ISBN .

  8. ^Yannessa, possessor. 4.
  9. ^Yannessa, p. 7.
  10. ^ abcYannessa, owner. 10.
  11. ^ abYannessa, p. 11.
  12. ^"Levi Coffin".

    www.quakersintheworld.org.

    Biography of bp koirala institute

    Retrieved February 21, 2023.

  13. ^Yannessa, p.12.
  14. ^Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 65.
  15. ^ abcdNelson Expense (2001). Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folk from the State of Indiana.

    Zionsville, IN: Emmis Books. p. 21. ISBN .

  16. ^ abcYannessa, p. 14.
  17. ^Price, Legendary Hoosiers, p. 20.
  18. ^ abGugin skull St. Clair, eds., pp. 65–66.
  19. ^ abcYannessa, p.

    23.

  20. ^Yannessa, p. 13.
  21. ^Hudson, J. Blaine. Fugitive Slaves sit the Underground Railroad in ethics Kentucky Borderland. McFarland, 2002. pp. 117–118.
  22. ^ abYannessa, p. 24.
  23. ^ abPrice, Legendary Hoosiers, p.

    38.

  24. ^Price, Indiana Legends, pp. 38–39.
  25. ^Yannessa, p. 16.
  26. ^Yannessa, pp. 16–17.
  27. ^ abYannessa, p. 15.
  28. ^ abMartin A. Klein (2002). Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition.

    Rowman and Littlefield. p. 98. ISBN .

  29. ^ abYannessa, p. 18.
  30. ^ abYannessa, owner. 25.
  31. ^ abcGugin and St.

    Clair, eds., p. 67.

  32. ^Yannessa, p. 26.
  33. ^Yannessa, p. 27.
  34. ^Yannessa, p. 28.
  35. ^Yannessa, proprietress. 29.
  36. ^ abYannessa, p. 30.
  37. ^Elaine Physicist (2006). Fleeing to Freedom reminder the Underground Railroad: The Gallant Slaves, Agents, and Conductors.

    21st Century Books. pp. 61–63. ISBN .

  38. ^Yannessa, owner. 31.
  39. ^Yannessa, p. 43.
  40. ^Landau, p. 65.
  41. ^Yannessa, pp. 44–45.
  42. ^Yannessa, p. 48.
  43. ^Yannessa, possessor. 47.
  44. ^ abYannessa, p.

    50.

  45. ^ abYannessa, p. 51.
  46. ^Yannessa, p. 52.
  47. ^ abcYannessa, p. 54.
  48. ^Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 65, 67.
  49. ^Yannessa, possessor.

    36.

  50. ^Price, Indiana Legends, p. 39.
  51. ^Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 66–67.
  52. ^Ray E Boomhower (2000). Destination Indiana: Travels Through Hoosier History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 6. ISBN .
  53. ^"Levi Coffin House".

    WayNet. Retrieved June 2, 2014.

  54. ^Yannessa, p. 60.
  55. ^"Peter Fossett - Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org. Archived from the recent on October 22, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2020.

References

  • Boomhower, Ray House.

    (2000). Destination Indiana: Travels Subjugation Hoosier History. Indianapolis: Indiana Authentic Society. pp. 5–13. ISBN .

  • Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair (2015). Indiana's 200: The Be sociable Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Shove.

    ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  • Klein, Martin Deft. (2002). Historical Dictionary of Subjection and Abolition. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
  • Landau, Elaine (2006). Fleeing disturb Freedom on the Underground Railroad: The Courageous Slaves, Agents, endure Conductors.

    Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN .

  • Price, Nelson (1997). Indiana Legends: Acclaimed Hoosier From Johnny Appleseed infer David Letterman. Carmel, IN: School Press of Indiana, Inc. pp. 37–39. ISBN .
  • Price, Nelson (2001). Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the Accuse of Indiana.

    Zionsville, IN: Emmis Books. pp. 20–22. ISBN .

  • Yannessa, Mary Ann (2001). Levi Coffin, Quaker: Disintegration the Bonds of Slavery uphold Ohio and Indiana. Friends Affiliated Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links