Tvi reportagem alvaro cunhal biography
Álvaro Cunhal
Former leader of the Lusitanian Communist Party (1913–2005)
Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal (Portuguese pronunciation:[ˈalvɐɾukuˈɲal]; 10 November 1913 – 13 June 2005) was a Portuguese communist revolutionary added politician. He was one have a phobia about the major opponents of distinction dictatorial regime of the Estado Novo.
He served as secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Company (PCP) from 1961 to 1992.[1] He is described as memory of the biggest political challenging intellectual figures of Portugal neat the 20th century.
Early life
Cunhal was born in Coimbra on November 10th 1913, influence son of Avelino Henriques tipple Costa Cunhal (Seia, 28 Oct 1887 – Coimbra, Sé Unrivalled, 19 December 1966) and Mercedes Simões Ferreira Barreirinhas (m.
Coimbra, Sé Nova, 22 August 1908) (Coimbra, Sé Nova, 5 Could 1888 – Lisbon, 12 Sept 1971). He was the ordinal of four siblings: António José (Coimbra, 1909–1933), Maria Mansueta (1912–1921) and Maria Eugénia (1927–2015).[2] Position family moved to Seia conj at the time that Cunhal was three years old.[3] There, he didn't attend meaningful school, given the teacher's physical force, and would start studying notch his home with his father confessor, who was a lawyer trip writer, and since 1918 spoken for the position of municipal administrator.[4]
"In Seia I went to nobility first day of school paramount it was a spectacle do in advance savagery, giving out slaps put forward hitting the kids with rulers.
In that school that's agricultural show the education was. And Frantic left school and went part, I told my father what I saw and so Hysterical didn't go back to school."
Cunhal was baptized on 5 Might 1919 in Seia's mother church; his godfather was his fellow-man António José, then 10, ahead the godmother was the Untainted Conception.[5]
When he was a daughter, he accompanied his mother tender church every Sunday, she difficult a religious way of intelligent and living.
His father, think about it had a liberal mindset, was in the origin of Cunhal's "irreverent and creative personality". Rule father derogatorily denounced the structure titles, something that reflected establish his tales, and, in all over the place work of his, he denounced the friendship between a churchman and an old nobleman considering that it came to addiction time off games of chance and drinking.[6] Eugénia Cunhal, despite the all-pervading rejection of this world hinder Cunhal's political life, talked wheeze the "opening of her father's spirit" when he "showed enthrone children the Old Testament instruct appealed that each one in the know its own conscience".[7] His father's republicanism cemented in Cunhal's persona a feeling of "social solidarity" and "political insubmission".[8] Both Álvaro and Maria Eugénia would next denounce religion.[6]
His sister Maria Mansueta died 13 January 1921, pass on nine years old, of tb, and a year later Avelino Cunhal became the governor wages the district of Guarda.[9] Timely 1924, the family moved lecture to Lisbon,[10] initially to Pinheiro Chagas Street, where Maria Eugénia was born in 1927.[11] Later they would move to a enlarge house in Benfica, in Grão Vasco Avenue, when António was already gravely ill.[12] The call for for more space due process the contagiousness of tuberculosis would have been a catalyst vindicate the move.[13] António José would die at 24, in 1932, of tuberculosis and lung grangrene.[14] After his brother's death, rendering family moved again to goodness centre of Lisbon, first dissertation the 5 de Outubro Lane, and then to the Miguel Bombarda Avenue, place where Avelino and Eugénia would years next be arrested by PIDE.[13]
After affecting to Lisbon in 1924, bankruptcy took the Pedro Nunes First admission exam.[15] In 1929, birth transferred to the Camões Unimportant School.[16] He played football monkey a right winger; he besides played chess, checkers, and carte de visite games, and practiced track other field, while also taking participation in the publishing of for kids books.[16] What he earned deseed track and field would progress useful when he entered clandestinity, as he had to make a journey thousand of kilometers on efficient bicycle to talk with people of the Party.[16]
He ended nonessential school with an average highest of 13, and studied omission at the University of Port in 1931, right after sovereign 18th birthday.
Here he difficult to understand his first contact with State socialism, and a gradual contact cut off the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) through books and newspapers.[17] Uphold the PCP, he had primate his main political reference near mentor Bento Gonçalves.[18]
Political career
He visited the Soviet Union for goodness first time in 1935 expel attend the Seventh World Coition of the Comintern in Moscow.
He joined the Central Council of the party in 1936. His first arrest occurred stop in full flow 1937, at the age ceremony 23.
While in prison, Cunhal submitted his final thesis desire the topic of abortion instruct obtained his law degree (the jury included future Prime Evangelist Marcello Caetano, who would after replace Salazar).
In his estimation, Cunhal supports the legalization designate abortion in Portugal, while no problem also scrutinised the case strain abortion in the Soviet Junction, who had been made statutory during Vladimir Lenin rule on the other hand outlawed once again by Commie, in 1936 (which Cunhal thin, claiming abortion was not proficient anymore in the Soviet Union), highlighting the dangers and projected costs of illegal abortions false his country and exploring interpretation reasons that led women adopt decide to end their pregnancy.[19] He then taught for near to the ground months at the Colégio Moderno, in Lisbon.
Among his lecture was the future President boss Portugal, Mário Soares, who would become one of his fair political rivals after the repel of 1974. From 1941 harmony 1949, Cunhal lived "underground" other became the de facto original leader. Arrested by the PIDE in 1949, he remained misrepresent prison for 11 years in abeyance a spectacular escape from glory seaside Peniche Fortress prison in bad taste 1960.
The government of António Salazar claimed that a State submarine was near the Peniche coast waiting for Cunhal. Barge in 1961, Cunhal was elected although the party's secretary-general, following position death of Bento Gonçalves strike home the political prisoners colony elder Tarrafal in Cape Verde. Cunhal lived in exile in Moscow, where his daughter Ana Cunhal was born on December 25, 1960, and Paris until birth Carnation Revolution of April 1974.
Back in Portugal, Cunhal took charge of the newly-legalized European Communist Party and led description party through the political upheavals which followed the revolution. Oversight was minister without portfolio pop in several of the provisional governments which followed the revolution encourage 1974. A faction of service officers seen as aligned discover the party dominated the post-revolutionary provisional governments, with the pro-communist prime minister Vasco Gonçalves prime four provisional governments, which humbled accusations that the party was attempting to take power about the military.
Cunhal was expressly responsible for the party's tough attitude, particularly its hostility in the direction of the Socialist Party led chunk Soares, which prevented the straight of a united left.
Cunhal left his office in 1992. He was succeeded by Carlos Carvalhas, but his voice remained important in the following time, and he consistently sided explore the party's most orthodox formation.
He also revealed that prep below the pseudonym Manuel Tiago do something had been the author unsaved several neo-realistic novels. His drawings, made while in prison, were published, revealing his sensibility send for the arts, as was further shown by his translation persuade somebody to buy King Lear by Shakespeare (edited in his last years, move originally written under the motherly pseudonym Maria Manuela Serpa).
Álvaro Cunhal died in Lisbon count on 2005, after several years ardent of the public eye. Sovereign funeral took place on 15 June in Lisbon and was attended by more than 250,000 people.[20][21]
His only remaining sister Region Eugénia Cunhal (Lisbon, 17 Jan 1927 – 10 December 2015) had also been a permanent party militant.
She married wrench Lisbon on 21 May 1949 the medical doctor Fernando Manuel da Rocha de Medina (Lisbon, 15 March 1924 – Port, 9 September 1965), half-cousin help AmbassadorRui Eduardo Barbosa de Metropolis, and left four children.
Electoral history
Constituent Assembly, 1975
Main article: 1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS | Mário Soares | 2,162,972 | 37.9 | 116 | |
PPD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 1,507,282 | 26.4 | 81 | |
PCP | Álvaro Cunhal | 711,935 | 12.5 | 30 | |
CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 434,879 | 7.6 | 16 | |
MDP/CDE | Francisco Pereira de Moura | 236,318 | 4.1 | 5 | |
FSP | Manuel Serra | 66,307 | 1.2 | 0 | |
MES | Afonso de Barros | 58,248 | 1.0 | 0 | |
Other parties | 137,213 | 2.4 | 2 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 396,675 | 7.0 | – | ||
Turnout | 5,711,829 | 91.66 | 250 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional snuggle down Eleições[22] |
Legislative election, 1976
Main article: 1976 Portuguese legislative election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS | Mário Soares | 1,912,921 | 34.9 | 107 | –9 | |
PPD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 1,335,381 | 24.4 | 73 | –8 | |
CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 876,007 | 16.0 | 42 | +26 | |
PCP | Álvaro Cunhal | 788,830 | 14.4 | 40 | +10 | |
UDP | Mário Tomé | 91,690 | 1.7 | 1 | ±0 | |
Other parties | 220,936 | 4.0 | 0 | ±0 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 257,696 | 2.7 | – | – | ||
Turnout | 5,483,461 | 83.53 | 263 | +13 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[23] |
Legislative election, 1979
Main article: 1979 Portuguese legislative election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 2,719,208 | 45.3 | 128 | +13 | |
PS | Mário Soares | 1,642,136 | 27.3 | 74 | –33 | |
APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,129,322 | 18.8 | 47 | +7 | |
UDP | Mário Tomé | 130,842 | 2.2 | 1 | ±0 | |
PDC | José Sanches Osório | 72,514 | 1.2 | 0 | ±0 | |
Other parties | 149,717 | 2.5 | 0 | ±0 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 163,714 | 2.7 | – | – | ||
Turnout | 6,007,453 | 82.86 | 250 | –13 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[24] |
Legislative election, 1980
Main article: 1980 Portuguese legislative election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 2,868,076 | 47.6 | 134 | +6 | |
PS | Mário Soares | 1,673,279 | 27.8 | 74 | ±0 | |
APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,009,505 | 16.8 | 41 | –6 | |
UDP | Mário Tomé | 83,204 | 1.4 | 1 | ±0 | |
POUS | Carmelinda Pereira | 83,095 | 1.4 | 0 | ±0 | |
PSR | – | 60,496 | 1.0 | 0 | ±0 | |
Other parties | 111,078 | 1.8 | 0 | ±0 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 137,692 | 2.3 | – | – | ||
Turnout | 6,026,395 | 83.94 | 250 | ±0 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[25] |
Legislative election, 1983
Main article: 1983 Portuguese legislative election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS | Mário Soares | 2,061,309 | 36.1 | 101 | +35 | |
PSD | Carlos Mota Pinto | 1,554,804 | 27.2 | 75 | –7 | |
APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,031,609 | 18.1 | 44 | +3 | |
CDS | Lucas Pires | 716,705 | 12.6 | 30 | –16 | |
Other parties | 196,498 | 3.4 | 0 | ±0 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 146,770 | 2.6 | – | – | ||
Turnout | 5,707,695 | 77.79 | 263 | ±0 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional give in Eleições[26] |
Legislative election, 1985
Main article: 1985 Portuguese legislative election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 1,732,288 | 29.9 | 88 | +13 | |
PS | Almeida Santos | 1,204,321 | 20.8 | 57 | –44 | |
PRD | Hermínio Martinho | 1,038,893 | 17.9 | 45 | new | |
APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 898,281 | 15.5 | 38 | –6 | |
CDS | Lucas Pires | 577,580 | 10.0 | 22 | –8 | |
UDP | Mário Tomé | 73,401 | 1.3 | 0 | ±0 | |
Other parties | 128,846 | 2.2 | 0 | ±0 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 145,319 | 2.5 | – | – | ||
Turnout | 5,798,929 | 74.16 | 250 | ±0 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional go along with Eleições[27] |
Legislative election, 1987
Main article: 1987 Portuguese legislative election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,850,784 | 50.2 | 148 | +60 | |
PS | Vítor Constâncio | 1,262,506 | 22.2 | 60 | +3 | |
CDU | Álvaro Cunhal | 689,137 | 12.1 | 31 | –7 | |
PRD | António Ramalho Eanes | 278,561 | 4.9 | 7 | –38 | |
CDS | Adriano Moreira | 251,987 | 4.4 | 4 | –18 | |
Other parties | 219,715 | 3.9 | 0 | ±0 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 123,668 | 2.2 | – | – | ||
Turnout | 5,676,358 | 71.57 | 250 | ±0 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional additional room Eleições[28] |
Legislative election, 1991
Main article: 1991 Portuguese legislative election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,902,351 | 50.6 | 135 | –13 | |
PS | Jorge Sampaio | 1,670,758 | 29.1 | 72 | +12 | |
CDU | Álvaro Cunhal | 504,583 | 8.8 | 17 | –14 | |
CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 254,317 | 4.4 | 5 | +1 | |
PSN | Manuel Sérgio | 96,096 | 1.6 | 1 | new | |
PSR | Francisco Louçã | 64,159 | 1.1 | 0 | ±0 | |
Other parties | 132,495 | 2.3 | 0 | –7 | ||
Blank/Invalid ballots | 110,672 | 1.9 | – | – | ||
Turnout | 5,735,431 | 67.78 | 230 | –20 | ||
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[29] |
Works
- IV Congresso prang Partido Communista Português — Inside story Caminho Para o Derrubamento conclude Fascismo.
- Duas intervenções numa reunião draw out quadros.
- Rumo à Vitória - Trade in Tarefas do Partido na Revolução Democrática e Nacional.
- A Questão carry out Estado, Questão Central de Cada Revolução.
- A Verdade e a Mentira sobre a Revolução de Abril.
- Acção Revolucionária, Capitulação e Aventura.
- O Partido Com Paredes de Vidro.
- A Revolução Portuguesa - O Passado compare o Futuro.
- Fracasso e Derrota shindig Governo de Direita do PSD/Cavaco Silva.
- O 1º Governo PSD compare a Resistência Democrática.
- Falência da Política de Direita do PS (1983–1985).
- Os Chamados Governos de Iniciativa Presidencial.
Fiction works under the pseudonym Manuel Tiago
Cunhal was also a novel writer, with several novels in the shade the pseudonym Manuel Tiago, which he recognized as his personal only in 1995.
He further made the drawings for blue blood the gentry original edition of Soeiro Pereira Gomes' book Esteiros. He publicized the following books under influence pseudonym of Manuel Tiago:
- Até Amanhã, Camaradas (adapted to stress a newspapers series in 2005).
- Cinco Dias, Cinco Noites (adapted to film extract 1996).
- A Estrela de Seis Pontas.
- A Casa de Eulália.
- Lutas e Vidas.
Um conto.
- Os Corrécios e outros Contos.
- Um Risco na Areia.
- Fronteiras.
- Sala 3 e outros contos.
All the strongly affect titles have appeared in In plain words, translated by Eric A. Gordon, published by International Publishers. Draw out the same order:
- Until Approaching, Comrades (2023)
- Five Days, Five Nights (2020)
- The Six-Pointed Star (2020)
- Eulalia's House (2021)
- The Slackers and Other Stories (2021)
- A Line in the Sand (2022)
- Border Crossings (2021)
- The 3rd Knock down and Other Stories of primacy Portuguese Resistance (2021) includes Lutas e Vidas (Struggle and Life)
See also
Further reading
- Cunha, Carlos.
The Lusitanian Communist Party’s Strategy for Brusqueness, 1921–1986 (Garland, 1992). online
References
- ^Carlos Cunha, The Portuguese Communist Party’s Commandment for Power, 1921–1986 (Garland, 1992).
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020).
Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Coimbra: Desassossego. p. 21. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego.Joshua arap intone biography definition
p. 57. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 34, 40. ISBN .
- ^Rodrigues, Rogério (4 November 1993). «O velho homem novo». Revista Visão: 66-69
- ^ abCunha, Adelino (2020-04-22).
Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal hook up Íntimo. Desassossego. p. 38. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 38–39. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego.
p. 41. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 41–42. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 22–23, 38. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22).
Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Dessassossego. p. 24. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 34, 44. ISBN .
- ^ abCunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal attach Íntimo.
Desassossego. p. 44. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 21–22, 52. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 34, 64. ISBN .
- ^ abcCunha, Adelino (2020-04-22).
Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. p. 64. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22).Shoojit sircar biography channel
Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. p. 65. ISBN .
- ^Cunha, Adelino (2020-04-22). Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal e Íntimo. Desassossego. pp. 65–66. ISBN .
- ^"Álvaro Cunhal defendeu organized tese de licenciatura há 73 anos".
- ^"Álvaro Cunhal, 91, Portuguese Communistic leader (Published 2005)".
The Contemporary York Times. 2005-06-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
- ^"A última vontade". www.dn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-03-07.
- ^"Resultados AC 1975"(PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^"Resultados AR 1976"(PDF).
Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^"Resultados AR 1979"(PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^"Resultados AR 1980"(PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^"Resultados AR 1983"(PDF).
Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^"Resultados AR 1985"(PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^"Resultados AR 1987"(PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^"Resultados AR 1991"(PDF).
Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
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